Dye-sensitized solar cell is the most cost-effective third-generation solar technology available. It was invented in 1991 by Michael Gratzel and Brian O’Regan. Recently, it has attracted more interest due to its low material cost, ease of production, and high conversion efficiency compared to other thin-film solar technologies. However, due to its technical constraints, the actual maximum efficiency is only half the efficiency of crystalline silicon-based solar cells. In an effort to replace the current existing solar technologies, improving its efficiency is critical to widespread adoption of this technology. The process parameters have been reported as having a significant impact in determining the efficiency of the solar cell, as well as, the materials being used.
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